INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH, METABOLISM AND NUTRITION STUDIES (BJHMNS)
VOL. 23 NO. 3 – SEPT., 2023
PUBLISHER:
Berkeley Research and Publications International,
Bayero University, Kano, PMB 3011, Kano State, Nigeria.
ARTICLES:
MALARIA AND PREGNANCY: INCIDENCE OF MALARIA AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CARE AT PRIMARY HEALTH CARE ADOGI, LAFIA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
DANIEL, ASHEFO1*, ABIGAIL, ZAKKA2 AND AMADOU, ZAKOU3
1Department of Science Laboratory Technology, school of Science and Technology, Isa Mustapha Agwai 1 Polytechnic, Lafia, Nasarawa, Nigeria. 2Department of Microbiology, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria. 3Laboratory Service Unit, Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nasarawa., Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to determine the incidence of malaria among pregnant women getting antenatal care at Primary Health Care Center Adogi. A cross-sectional study was conducted, a total of 100 pregnant women were tested for Plasmodium falciparum, the malaria parasite using thick and thin blood films. Thirty pregnant women tested positive, reflecting a 30% overall incidence rate. The highest prevalence of the infection, 5(50.06), is seen in people aged ≥41 years, followed by 9(28.1%) in those aged ≤ 20. The prevalence rates for pregnant women aged 21-30 and 31-40 years were 8(21.0%) and 8(40.0%), respectively. Prevalence of the infection was shown to increase in decreasing order according to the gestation (stage of pregnancy) of the pregnant women screened: 2nd trimester, 9(34.6%)>3 trimester, 15(26.86)>1 trimester, 6 (33.36). Malaria during pregnancy is a substantial contributor to the high maternal morbidity and death in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study found that pregnancy-related malaria affects women of all ages and stages of pregnancy. As a result, it is critical to recognise that malaria is a serious global health burden, particularly during pregnancy. As a result, it is necessary to raise the level of understanding among health-care providers on the current National Malaria Policy.
Keywords: Antenatal Care, Malaria, Nasarawa State, Pregnancy, Primary Health Care
HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RICIN POISON FROM CASTOR OIL SEEDS ON THE KIDNEY OF ALBINO RATS
ADESANYA OLAYIOYE
Department of Crop and Environmental Protection, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso.
ABSTRACT
The Dichloromethane extract derived from castor oil seed (Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae) was used in a Laboratory experiment for its toxicity. The study was undertaken to evaluate the rodenticidal potentials of ricin poison on histology of experimental rat’s kidney. Thirty experimental rats (Albino) were divided into 3 replicates and each replicate had 5 cages. Each cage had 2 rats of both sexes. The age of the rats used for this experiment was 9 to10 weeks. The rats were fed ad libitum and fresh water was given once daily from a suspended water feeder. 1000g of castor oil seed were crushed into coarse meal using pestle and mortar prior to extraction. The coarse meal of castor seed were then soaked into 2000ml of Dichloromethane for 24 hour before it was later sieved with muslin chloth, the Dichloromethane extract derived from castor oil seed was air-dry completely, 10ml, 20ml, 30ml and 40ml Dichloromethane extract derived from castor oil seed were weighed, each was mixed thoroughly with 50 g of commercial rat feed, fifth one is Commercial rat feed only which was used as the control. At the time of sacrifice, the kidney were removed immediately after dissected and fixed or preserved in a 10% neutral buffered formalin for preservation before it was later sent to histopathological studies at the Histopathology Laboratory, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital Ilorin, Kwara state. The result of Photomicrographs of the tissue taken were provided. Data were collected on fresh Kidney Weight organ of treated rat against fresh Kidney weight organ of untreated (control) rat which were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated with Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). The result show no significant difference in the fresh kidney weight of all the rat treated with 10ml, 20ml, 30ml and the control group (Rats fed with the normal feed). There was significant difference in fresh weight of rat kidney fed with the highest concentration of 40ml extract of castor oil seed when compare with the rat treated with 10ml, 20ml, 30ml extract of castor oil seed and the control group. The result of all test kidney showed histological features of lethal tissue damage in all the rat treated with ricin toxin examined. The control group showed normal tissue. The results indicated that highest concentration of 40ml extract of castor oil seed has major effect on fresh kidney weight. Also, histological features of a very low dose of ricin poison can altered cellular change.
Keywords: Dichloromethane Extract, Ricin Poison, Castor Oil Seed, Albino Rat, Histology of Kidney
A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF YOUTHS ATTITUDE TOWARDS BLOOD DONATION IN GOMBE METROPOLIS
*HUSSAINI, KABIRU; **AHMAD, AMINA; **BARAU, B. RABIU; **MUSA, SANI TILDE; *IBRAHIM, ARAFAT; & *USMAN, HADIZA
*Department of Sociology, Gombe State University, Gombe. **Department of Sociology, Bauchi State University, Gadau.
ABSTRACT
The study investigated Youths attitude toward voluntary blood donation. Specific objectives were to examine youth’s attitude toward voluntary blood donation and factors that motives or discourage them to voluntarily donate blood. The theory of the theory plan behavior was adopted as a theoretical guide to the study. Samples of three hundred and seventy five (375) respondents were selected using multi-sampling techniques and data were coded, process in SPSS version 16 and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Finding revealed despite having positive voluntary blood donation behavior among youths remains a mirage; family influence was widely reported to be main reason for donation. While misconceptions and fear were the major factors that discouraged youths to voluntarily donated blood. The study recommended that the process of blood donation should be transparent and integrated the hosting community; experts should engage the religious leaders and properly enlightened them. Because, youths respect religious leaders more than the politicians that along can transformed the positive attitude into blood donation behavior.
Keywords: Youths, Attitude and Voluntary blood Donation
KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF COMMUNITIES TOWARDS VACCINATION SERVICES IN SOKOTO STATE, NIGERIA
MUDDASSIR AHMAD GADO; SULAIMAN KHALID; & USMAN IBRAHIM DABAI
Department of Sociology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the knowledge and attitudes of people at the grassroots towards vaccination services in Sokoto state. Vaccine preventable diseases such as measles, poliomyelitis, whopping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, chicken pox etc, are prevented through immunization. These are infectious childhood diseases affecting growth, development and lives of infants worldwide with high prevalence in developing countries, Nigeria inclusive. The paper unravelled the level of knowledge people in the hard-to-reach areas of Sokoto state have on Vaccines Preventable Diseases, the importance of immunization exercise and their attitudes towards immunization. The research was purely qualitative with Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and In-Depth Interview (IDI) as methods of solicit data from respondents. A total of 228 respondents drawn from six communities within the selected Local Government Areas were selected for the study, where 18 FGD sessions and 12 IDIs were conducted with mothers of children less than five years, husbands, elderly women, traditional leaders, religious leaders and health personnel. Based on the findings, the study discovered that people at the grassroots have knowledge of vaccines preventable diseases and usually take their children for vaccination at the available healthcare centres or when visited at their houses. Despite some of the misconceptions about the vaccines and vaccination in the study area, people have positive attitudes towards immunization and issues surrounding the practice of the immunization exercise in the study setting. Factors found to pose challenges are availability of health care personnel in the available health care facilities and distance. Thus, the study recommends an increase provision of healthcare facilities and supply of drugs, healthcare personnel in these communities for holistic immunization coverage.
Keywords: Attitude, Community, Disease, Knowledge, Vaccine and Service
A REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF EXTRUSION COOKING ON THE QUALITY OF EXTRUDED FOOD PRODUCTS
BULUS DANIEL SADIQ (PhD); & TANKO O. ODENI
Dept. of Food Technology, Federal Polytechnic Kaura Namoda. P. M. B1012 Kaura Namoda Zamfara State.
ABSTRACT
The effect of extrusion cooking on the quality of extruded food was studied. Extrusion cooking is a process of cooking by forcing it (food material) to pass through a die. This is a high temperature short time (HTST) process. The major components of the extruder are the pre-conditioning bin, feeding system, the screw, barrel sleeves, and the cutting machine. The two types of extruders majorly used in food processing are; the single screw extruder and the twin-screw extruder. During extrusion, the composition of a raw material can be altered through leakage of oil and evaporation of volatile compounds at the die. Amylose and amylopectin are partially hydrolyzed to maltodextrins due to high temperature and shear. Proteins undergo denaturation and antinutritional factors are deactivated. Under extrusion temperatures, Lipids act as lubricants because they reduce the friction between particles in the mix and between the screws; fibres are affected because of the redistribution of insoluble fibres to soluble fibres. Increase temperatures from 140-1800C result in proportional decrease in disulphide linkages. Temperatures lower than 90oC hinder expansion and layer formation. Most vegetative organisms yeast and moulds are destroyed under extrusion condition. Products obtain with high temperature and short extrusion normally present a porous open structure referred to as” crunchy” texture. Also, to obtain a nutritionally balanced extruded product, careful control of process parameters is essential.
Keywords: Extrusion; Cooking; Extruder; Screw; Die; Quality
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE OF FOOD HYGIENE AMONG FOOD HANDLERS IN RESTAURANTS IN JALINGO, TARABA STATE
1CHRISTINA TANKO AUDU & 2DANIEL IMOKEN-ASI AUDU
1Department of Science Education, Taraba State University, Jalingo Taraba state, Nigeria. 2School of science and technology, Taraba State Polytechnic. Taraba State. Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
Foodborne diseases, often stemming from poor food hygiene practices, are a global public health concern. This study evaluates food hygiene knowledge, attitude, and practice among restaurant food handlers in Jalingo, Taraba State. A cross-sectional survey involving 45 diverse restaurant staff utilized structured questionnaires, with statistical analyses exploring socio-demographic factors’ relationships with knowledge, attitude, and practice. Results indicate mixed knowledge levels, with gaps in identifying symptoms of foodborne illnesses and proper cooking temperatures. Specifically, 40.0% recognized risks of improper food handling, 42.2% identified symptoms, and 35.6% knew proper cooking temperatures. Positive attitudes were common (51.1% believed in food hygiene’s importance), but inconsistent practices, especially hand washing and cleaning, were evident. Socio demographic factors (age, gender, experience, education) didn’t significantly associate with knowledge, attitude, or practice (p > 0.05). Targeted education, positive attitude reinforcement, and consistent practices are urged. Enhanced training, supervision, and collaboration can elevate food safety, bolster consumer confidence, and ensure a healthier dining experience and community in Jalingo’s restaurant industry.
Keywords: Food Hygiene; Knowledge; Practice; Attitude; Food Handler
ORGANOCHLORINES PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN SELECTED FISH SPECIES FROM KUNDI LAKE, BALI, TARABA STATE, NIGERIA; LEVELS AND HEALTH RISK ASSOCIATED
HARUNA IBRAHIM
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic Bali, PMB 05 Bali, Taraba State. Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Organochlorines pesticides are among the group of agrochemicals with the potential for bioaccumulation in fish posing great threat to human health through fish consumption. The study was aimed at determining the levels and health risk index of organochlorine pesticides residues in fish species at Kundi Lake to find out the extent of pesticide contamination and accumulation. The average length, average weight and condition factor of the studied fish species were measured. The Clarias gariepinus had the highest average length of 18.52±0.31 cm, and average weight of 231.43±0,06 g follow by Mormyrus rume which had the average length of 16.62±0.62 cm, and average weight of 192.78±0.10g. Tilapia zilli was the least species of fish sample with a length of 12.97±0.18 cm and average weight of 96.87±0.01 g. The Tilapia zilli had highest condition factor of 4.32, follow by Mormyrus rume which recorded the K- factor of 4.20 while the Clarias gariepinus had the least K- factor of 3.64. The fish samples were grounded and subjected to soxhlet extraction. The extracts were later analysed for organochlorine pesticide residues using Gas-Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Total of fourteen (14) organochlorine pesticide residues were analysed which include Delta Lindane, Alpha Lindane, Beta Lindane, Gamma Lindane, Heptachlor, Aldrin, Heptachlor Epoxide, Endosulfan I, Endosulfan II, P’P-DDE, P’P-DDD, P’P-DDT and Methoxychlor. Based on the result obtained, it was also observed that these concentrations recorded high in Clarias gariepinus follow by Mormyrus rume while the Tilapia zilli recorded low concentration of the pesticide residues. The Aldrin recorded high concentration of 5.11 ppm in Mormyrus rume follow by Endosulfon II which recorded the concentration of 5.03 ppm also in Mormyrus rume and 4.88 ppm in Clarias gariepinus. The lowest pesticide residues was recorded in p,p’-DDD p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, Methoxychlor and Heptachlor epoxide which are below maximum residue limit (MRL). The Potential health hazard indices associated with the consumption of fish contaminated with organochlorine pesticide residues presented in the tables 1,2 and 3 above showed that, most of the pesticide analysed recorded HI > 1. When the HI is less than 1, the fish concerned is considered acceptable. If it is greater than 1, the fish concerned is considered a risk to the consumer. These results indicate the organochlorine levels in fish from the study areas are not safe and will cause serious health hazard through consumption.
Keywords: Fish, Pesticides, Residues, Organochlorine, Health Risk
ASSESSMENT OF METHODS OF MEDICAL WASTE COLLECTION IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE CENTERS IN ZARIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE
*KAUTHAR ABUBAKAR MIKAIL; *HALEEMA JAAFAR; & **HABIBA MUSA LAWAL
*Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, Zaria. **Department of Building Technology, Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, Zaria.
ABSTRACT
Healthcare services are aimed at improving a healthy environment and wellbeing and preventing potential human health risks and environmental hazards. In the course of doing this, wastes generated could really be harmful. Lack of proper management of these medical wastes exposes the health workers, patients, waste handlers and the general public to health risks. Thus, this study focused on the assessment of medical wastes management practices at Zaria Local Government Area of Kaduna State. The study objectives were to; identify the types of medical waste generation, determine the amount of waste generated in each PHC within the wards in the study area, examine the methods of collection and disposal of waste by the PHCs and to examine the challenges of medical waste management. A set of questionnaires was administered to all the waste handlers in the PHC amounting to a total of 44. On waste collection, the findings revealed that Anguwan Fatika, Anguwan Alkali and Babban Dodo had the highest (100%) of respondents that confirmed they have available storage equipment. With regards to color coding of waste collection, the study showed that Kake 2(10.5%), Dandutse 2(10.5%), Panmadina 2 (10.5%), Durumin mai Garke 2 (10.5%), Babban Dodo 2(10.5%) and Tukur-Tukur 2 (10.5%) had the highest respondents confirming the availability of colour coding in their PHCs. In addition to the findings of this study, majority (68%) of the respondents confirmed segregating sharp or infectious waste in the PHCs is being practiced in their PHCs. On the issue of waste disposal, the study revealed that, Dambo and Tukur-Tukur had the highest number of respondents 4 (9.0%) that confirmed dumping of waste outside their PHCs. It was recommended that management of the PHCs should endeavor to provide adequate medical waste facilities as well as training of waste handlers in order to achieve optimum results.
Keywords: Waste, Waste Collection, Disposal, Management, Generated
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM FERMENTED NONO
IDEH, R.R.; OYEDOKUN, N.O.; ODERINDE, A.A.; BUSARI, A.K .; & ABDULKAREEM, M.T
National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria.
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria refers to a large group of beneficial bacteria that have similar properties and all produces lactic acid as an end product of the fermentation process. A total of 128 LAB were isolated and 5 different species were identified using modern biochemical tools. These isolates were screened to determine their probiotic qualities as well as their capacities as yoghurt starter culture. Their acidification properties were determined using pH meter and titratable acidity. There was a significantly (p<0.05) high acidification rates by L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus and L. helveticus when compared with the control and other isolates. L. acidophilus produced lactic acid (2.74±0.22%) that was significantly higher (p<0.05) than other isolates after 36 h. A positively strong correlation (R-value = +0.833) was observed between acid production and change in pH of all the isolates. However, there was a significantly (p<0.05) high concentration of lactic acid (27.4±0.07% and (2.63±0.08%) and a corresponding change in pH (2.95±0.02 and 2.68±0.08) by L. acidophilus and L. bulgaricus respectively compared to other isolates. The fast- acidifying strains of LAB are good candidates for yoghurt starter cultures. The isolates from this study could be considered for further development through improvement strategies. However, LAB strains with slow acidification rates could be considered as adjuncts in dairy fermentation for some other beneficial qualities they may possess.
Keywords: Acid production Fermentation, nono, lactic acid bacteria.
EFFECT OF ROASTING ON MINERAL CONSTITUENTS OF JACKBEAN (CANAVALIA ENSIFORMIS) FLOUR
ODEDEJI, J.O.1, AROGUNDADE, L.A.1, FABIYI, K.3, LAWAL, R.T.2 AND OLADELE, A.K.4
1Food Science and Technology Department, Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, Osun State, Nigeria. 2Science Laboratory Technology Department, Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, Osun State, Nigeria. 3Food Processing Company, Lagos State, Nigeria. 4Food Technology Department, Federal College of Freshwater and Fisheries Technology, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
The effect of roasting on mineral constituents of Jackbean flour was examined. Jackbean was procured from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), (Genetic Resources Unit) Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria. The seeds were sorted and roasted at 160 0C for 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mins. The roasted and unprocessed (control) bean were then milled into flour and thereafter investigated for mineral content to assess the effect of roasting on the samples. The data generated were statistically analyzed using SAS 2.0 and SPSS 20.0 packages. The results showed that roasting at 160 0C for 20 mins produced flour sample with improved minerals in terms of Na (11.08 mg/kg), Fe (1.68mg/kg), Mn (0.74mg/kg), Cu (0.77 mg/kg), Zn (1.95 mg/kg). Roasting at 160 0C for 40, 30 and 10 mins resulted in highest value for Mg, K and Ca: 81.00 mg/kg, 215.26 mg/kg, 60.10 mg/kg respectively. The Na:K values for all the roasted samples were less than one. Roasting thus had positive effect on the mineral constituents of jackbean during its processing.
Keywords: Mineral, Constituents, Jackbean, Roasting
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS CURDLING AGENTS ON THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF ANIMAL MILK AND CHEESE
ADAMU, B.B.; MALIKI, H.S.; ABUBAKAR, Z.I.; MAIDAWA, G.L.; AYEGBA, S.O.; & ABDULLAHI, M.
National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to assess the nutritional and organoleptic properties of local cheese (Wara) prepared by addition of three variants of natural curdling agents which include Ccilotropis procera, pap water and vinegar. All experiments were carried out under standard laboratory conditions. The following properties were determined and the result revealed fat 61-64%, protein 12-14%, moisture content 42-54%, carbohydrate2- 8%, calcium 29-32%, Ash 2-3%, general appearance, texture, color and taste. These were analyzed based on the various curdling agents used. The results of the proximate analysis showed differences in fat, protein, moisture content, carbohydrate, ash and calcium contents of the different samples prepared. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that pap water and Ccilotropis procera are promising and generally desirable local curdling agents in cheese production.
Keywords: Curdling, Milk, Cheese, Nutritional Organoleptic