JOURNAL OF MED., BIOLOGICAL AND PHARM. SCI. VOL. 8 NO. 9 (BJMBPS)

JOURNAL OF MED., BIOLOGICAL AND PHARM. SCI. VOL. 8 NO. 9

ISSN: 1211-4401

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Berkeley Research and Publications International,

Bayero University, Kano, PMB 3011, Kano State, Nigeria.

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PAPERS:

FFECTS OF CHLORINATED DRINKING WATER ON PIG SPLEEN DNA TREATED WITH ZINC SULPHATE AND GLUTATHIONE

¹NSE UDOKA EBE*,  ²G. A. UBOM,  ³E. J. AKPAN and ⁴U. I. U. ANWANA

^1,3&4Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria ²Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos, Nigeria

Abstract

his work was to investigate using biochemical techniques whether disinfection of drinking water by chlorination is harmful or not. Study design: Experimental Animal Model. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Nigeria, between June, 2012 and December, 2012. Water sample was obtained from river Jama’are in Bauchi state, Nigeria and its quality assessed by estimation of temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, Cl^–, SO₃^2-, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺. The water sample was chlorinated using calcium hypochlorite (65-70% Cl₂). DNA was isolated from Pig spleen and used as a model to test the direct effect of the chlorinated water sample on animal health. The effect was monitored spectrophotometrically. The effect of the chlorinated water sample on the isolated DNA was also studied in the presence of zinc sulphate and glutathione (GSH). This was compared with that of a control experiment. The findings revealed that the chlorinated water sample altered the native structure of the isolated DNA, but in the presence of 0.1mM zinc sulphate and varied concentrations of GSH (0.1mM, 0.2mM and 0.3mM respectively) the chlorinated sample was found to have no noticeable effect on the isolated DNA; a pointer that Zn and GSH may have conjugated with chlorinated water products and detoxified them. It is suggested that drinking of chlorinated water is not harmful to health.

Keywords: Water, Chlorination, DNA, Zinc, Glutathione

HENOTYPIC DETECTION OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE (ESBL) PRODUCING Escherichia coli PATHOTYPES FROM SOME HOSPITALS IN BAUCHI METROPOLIS

ILIYASU, M.Y, UBA, A. AND AGBO, E.B

Biological Sciences Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, ATBU, Bauchi.

Abstract

A clinico–laboratory investigation of multidrug resistant (MDR) characteristics of extended spectrum β–lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli pathotypes from some hospitals in Bauchi metropolis, Nigeria, was carried out. A total of 198 E. coli isolates were recovered from 219 clinical specimens from different patients age group (0 to above 70 years), comprising of 134 males and 85 females, as both out-patient (126) and in-patient (93). An average of 166 (83.8%) of E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant. High resistance was observed among such Beta lactam drugs as Ampicillin (97.0%), Amoxycillin (96.0%), the newer generation Cephalosporins like Cefuroxime (81.3%), Cefotaxime (85.4%) and Ceftazidime (60.6%). The isolates were appreciably sensitive to Ceftriazone (62.1%), Amikacin (71.7%) and Imipenem (80.8%). Out of the multidrug resistant isolates, 163 were ESBL producers, with frequency of (26.9%) found within age group (31 to 40 years), mostly in males (59.1%) and out–patients (51.5%). Fifty four (27.3%) of the isolates were recovered from stool specimens with MDR and ESBL prevalence of (27.1%) and (26.9%) respectively. This is followed by 48 (24.2%) from the urine specimens, with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as the least 11(5.6%). Based on clinical diagnosis, prevalence of MDR (29.5%) and ESBL production (28.2%) was found among cases of Urinary tract infections (UTIs), followed by Gastroenteritis (25.3%) and (25.8) respectively. These results indicate a strong association between multidrug resistance and ESBL production in E. coli pathotypes. The Amikacin and Imipenem sensitivity in this study advocates the usage of the carbapenem as the therapeutic alternative in the event of the increasing resistance rates observed with conventional beta-lactam antibiotics.

Keywords: Multidrug resistant (MDR), Extended spectrum β–lactamase (ESBL), Urinary tract infections (UTIs), Gastroenteritis, Carbapenem, Beta-lactam antibiotics

REVALENCE OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTE-NATAL CLINIC IN MUBI GENERAL HOSPITAL MUBI, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA.

¹Danladi, T., ¹Salamatu, A. T., ¹ Elihu, A., ¹ Wahedi, J.A., ² Elkanah, S. O. And ³Zainab, M.C.

¹Department of Zoology, Adamawa State University, P.M.B. 25, Mubi, Adamawa State.²Parasitology and Public Health Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Taraba State University, P.M.B. 1167, Jalingo, Taraba State.³Department of Biological Science, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria Corresponding author’s.

Abstract

A survey of the prevalence of Trichomoniasis was carried out in Mubi North and South Local Government Areas of Adamawa State. A total of 150 varginal swaps from women attending ante-natal clinic in Mubi General Hospital were examined with overall prevalence of 29(19.3%). The highest prevalence in relation to age group was recorded in women aged between 26-30 years with the highest rate of infection 21.4% while those between the ages of 41-45 years had the lowest prevalence rate of infection of 14.3%. However, there was no significant difference in relation to age (p>0.05). In relation to socio-economic status of the women, those that use pit toilet had the highest rate of infection with 21.1% of occurrence compared to 16.7% occurrence recorded in women that use water cistern. Chi square analysis shows a significant difference in relation to socio-economic status of the women (p<0.05). In relation to occupation, business women recorded 24.0% prevalence rate as the highest while the lowest was recorded among students who had 15.0% prevalence, even though there was no significant difference(p>0.05). The implication of the findings in relation to the health of victims and distribution of Trichomoniasis was further discussed in the work.

Keywords: Prevalence, Trichomonas vaginalis, Pregnant Women, Trichomoniasis, Urinogenital.

ACTORS INFLUENCING ATTITUDE TO TREATMENT AMONG PATIENTS WITH TYPE-2   DIABETES MELLITUS IN THE NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA

AGOFURE OTOVWE (MPH)

Department of Public and Community Health, Novena University, Ogume, Nigeria

 Abstract

Type-2 Diabetes mellitus could be well managed if patients adhere strictly to treatment regimen. Patient’s attitude to treatment recommendations has been shown to influence level of adherence to treatment. This study was therefore designed to investigate factors influencing the attitude to treatment among patients with type-2   diabetes mellitus in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 purposively selected patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus. A semi-structured questionnaire was interviewer administered to obtain information on respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics, attitude to medication and dietary treatment, and factors influencing adherence to treatment. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyse the data with level of significance set at 0.05. Mean age of respondents was 57.9 ± 9.8 years, 60.9% were females and 78.0% were married. Above average of respondents exhibited good attitude to medication (65.10%) and dietary (64.0%) treatment respectively. Analysis of the determinants of poor attitude to medication treatment shows; taking many drugs to get better quickly was the major contributing variable at (OR=2.08 95% CI=1.268-3.406). Major factors influencing adherence to medication and dietary treatment includes difficulty in sticking to recommended diet, Long queues and waiting times in the clinic; Side effects from recommended drugs and the least is  doctors too busy to listen to patients complaints. Taking many drugs to get better quickly and many other factors influencing the attitude to treatment recommendations remains a challenge among patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, health education on diabetic care with emphasis on improving attitude to medication and dietary treatment regimen, among other strategies, should be organised regularly for diabetic patients.

Keywords: Attitude to treatment, Type-2 diabetes mellitus, Niger Delta

HYTOCHEMICALS SCREENING AND ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LEMON GRASS (Cymbopogon Citratus)

KATUZU MUSA IBRAHIM¹,IBRAHIM. A. HODI², LADI LAWAN³ , AND YAGANA ABBA SIDI⁴

Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic Damaturu, Yobe State^{1, 2 &3} Shehu Sule of College Nursing and midwifery, Damaturu⁴

 Abstract

he cold maceration and agar diffusion technique were employed to assess phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial potency of lemon grass (C.citratus) against selected microbial pathogens using hexane, chloroform, and methanol as extracting solvents. The mean zone of inhibition of the chloroform leaf and corresponding root extract for the test organism were staphylococcus aureus (11.33 and 11.66), salmonella typhii (11.33 and 13.66), Escherichia coli (16.33 and 15.66) and candida albicans (7.66 and 8.66) respectively. Hexane and methanol extract showed no activity against the test organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the corresponding minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for chloroform leaf and root extract were: Staphylococcus aureus (20ug/ml, 18ug/ml), salmonella typhii (24ug/ml, 20ug/ml), Escherichia coli (14ug/ml, 14ug/ml), candida albicans (32ug/ml, 28ug/ml) and Staphylococcus aureus (28ug/ml, 26ug/ml), salmonella typhii (28ug/ml, 24ug/ml), Escherichia coli (16ug/ml, 16ug/ml), candida albicans (38ug/ml, 32ug/ml) respectively. Phytochemical screening on C.citratus showed that five active ingredients: tannins, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and volatile oil were present in both the root and leaf part. Higher dose of C.citratus may be recommended to exert a remarkable antimicrobial activity against the test organisms.

Keywords: Phytochemical, Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant, organisms, C.citratus.

OIL ENRICHMENT POTENTIAL OF ANIMAL EXCRETA: NPK EVALUATION

Momohjimoh O. Adubazi¹, Daniel C. Emeniru³, Gbeemi K. Dieware¹, Douye P.Wodu¹ and Sunday S. Ajewole²

1. Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ekowe.
2. Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ukana.
3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Ekowe.

 Abstract

he Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium (NPK) potency of the excreta of goat, Cow and fowl, were considered relative to species. The animals’ excreta were assayed as dry matter for their NPK content. The Kjeldahl’s method was applied for Nitrogen determination. Phosphorus, Potassium and trace elements were analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The assay showed NPK numbers: Dairy cow: 25-5-11, Beef cow: 19-14-11, Layer fowl: 27-3-10, Broiler: 24-5-11 and Goat: 28-11-11. On average, Potassium content was: 26.85g/kg dry matter. Layer fowl excreta recorded highest Nitrogen: 75.50g/kg; Beef cow excreta was richest in Phosphorus: 34.40g/kg. Optimally, the NPK numbers indicated the animals’ excreta have adequate potency as organic NPK fertilizer. Based on NPK loading, Layer and Beef excreta imply good blend for a robust Organic fertilizer. The significant NPK richness of the excreta implied that they can be used singly or in consortium as a better option to synthetic fertilizer.

Keywords: Soil, NPK, fertilizer, excreta, farm animals

HE SWELLING BEHAVIOUR OF SOLID OIL – IN -WATER EMULSION CONSISTING OF MAESOPSIS EMINII (KONKOLI) AND A LIPID SOLUBLE DRUG

HARUNA IBRAHIM

Department of science laboratory technology, school of science and technology federal polytechnic p.m.b 05 bali, taraba state, nigeria.

 Abstract

 drug delivery system for water insoluble drug was formulated with Maesopsis Eminii, Amlodipine, egg yolk, oil and distilled water as the therapeutic drug. The Emulsion was prepared using egg, oil and water. The cross linked matrix was prepared using water, Maesopsis Eminii and Borax. The emulsion film was prepared by mixing the emulsion and cross linked gum and casted on a smooth clean glass surface. The swelling of the formulated matrix consisting of cross linked Maesopsis Eminii gum and an emulsion containing the drug at room temperature was determined using swelling measurement. The swelling pattern obtained was affected by the amount of egg yolk used in the formulated matrices. The higher the amount of egg yolk, the more the porous the matrices which resulted into higher swelling. The lower the amount of egg yolk, the less porous the matrices may be and a gradual swelling occurred. This result suggested that crossed maesopsis Eminii matrices cold be used in pharmaceutical controlled release of water insoluble drugs.

Keywords: Maesopsis Eminii, Emulsion, Amlodipine, Cross Linked gum, Drugs

HE PROSPECTS OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE PROFESSION IN NIGERIA

BALA, SULEIMAN ABDUL

Department of Library and Information Science, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi.

 Abstract

his paper examines the prospects of guidance and counseling in library and information science profession. In the paper various issues were discussed, including a review of library profession in Nigeria, an overview of different forms of libraries, the current challenges in the library profession, a brief synopsis of guidance and counseling, importance of guidance and counseling to library profession and the prospects of guidance and counseling in library profession in Nigeria.

Keywords: guidance & counseling, prospects, Nigeria.

EDICAL BARIERS TO THE UTILIZATION  OF  FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES AMONG WOMEN OF  CHILD BEARING AGE  IN BAUCHI STATE

MAGAJI, Abdulbaqi A.¹,AJARE, Aduragba O.¹, IBRAHIM, Mijinyawa

Colleeg of Health Technology Ningi, Bauchi State.

Abstract

his study was carried out to identify the medical barriers against the utilization of family planning services by mothers of child bearing age living in Bauchi state. A cross sectional survey design was used in this study, while simple random sampling procedure was used to obtain a sample size of one thousand and forty-eight. A structured questionnaire using Likert four-point scaling system was used as the instrument of data collection. The instrument was made up of two sections. Section A was on demographic variables, while section B was on the utilization and the medical barriers to family planning. two research questions were answered, while one hypothesis was tested. Statistical package for social sciences, version 22 was used to analyze the data obtained.  The major medical barriers against utilization of family planning services are previous experience of contraceptive failure 756(72.1%); the young adults are more eligible to use contraceptive than the adult 690(65.8%); lack of health education on the usefulness of contraceptive 686(65.5%). The medical barriers have 5% influences on the attitude of mothers of child bearing age towards utilization of family planning services. There was a significant relationship between medical barriers and attitude of mother of child bearing age in Bauchi State (r =0.204, p<0.05). Health organizations that are responsible for the production of these family planning types should improve on their productions so as to ensure minimal side effects.

Keywords; medical, barriers, contraceptives, family planning, child bearing.

ETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM BROMATE LEVEL IN TEN DIFFERENT BREAD SAMPLES AT JOS NORTH, PLATEAU STATE  BY

SHITU¹, F.A. MUSA², N.U. AMBI,² A.A AND HASSAN,² A.

¹Department of General Study, the Federal Polytechnic Bauchi, P. M. B. 0231, Bauchi -Nigeria  ²Science Laboratory Technology Department, the Federal Polytechnic Bauchi, P. M. B. 0231, Bauchi -Nigeria

Abstract

his paper report was carried out to determine the level of potassium bromate in ten (10) different bread samples which were obtained from some bakeries in Jos North, Plateau state. The samples were determined using spectrophotometric method which was based on the redox reaction between potassium bromate and promethazine in an acidic medium. This reaction produced a red-pink product with maximum absorption at 515nm. Prior to the quantitative determination; a qualitative test was carried out on a portion of each bread sample using 2cm³ of 0.01M promethazine and 0.6cm³ of 12M hydrochloric acid. The change in colour observed in some of the bread samples indicates the presence of potassium bromate. The maximum concentration of potassium bromate allowed in bread by the U.S Food and Drug Agency (FDA) and other regulating bodies is 0.020mg/kg.  The result obtained in sample (A), (C), (F), (H) and (I) has no concentration and represent 0.000+0.000 (no colour change) and (B) and (G) are said to be within the recommended value that represents 1.784 +- 0.013 and 2.185 +- 0.018 (light-pink). While others that were found above the recommended value are (E) and (J) which indicate 4.782+- 0.089 (pink) and 6.183+- 0.231 (dark-pink).   

Keywords: Bread, Potassium Bromate, Hydrochloric acid, Spectrophotometric

IOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PROCESSED PARKIA BIGLOBOSA SEED

*RABI,M., **MUKHTAR, M.D., **MAGASHI, A.M., **BUKAR,A. AND ^*ZULAIHAT L.

*Department of Science Laboratory Technology, School of Technology, Kano state polytechnic, Matan-fada Road, PMB 3348, Kano State, Nigeria. **Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Science, Bayero University Kano, PMB 3011, Kano State, Nigeria.

Abstract

arkia  biglobosa  is  a  perennial  deciduous  tree  which occurs  in  the  rainforest  and  the  arid  zones  of  some African countries. The tree has the capacity to withstand drought; seeds are embedded in a mealy pulp that is high in  energy  value.  The seeds of P.  biglobosa  have  been  shown  to ontain  up  to  29%  crude  protein  and  60% saccharose;  it  is  also  rich  in  vitamin  C  and  high  in  oil content (Orwa et al., 2009).  Aside  being  a  good  source of  plant  protein to  man,  it serves as  good  source of protein for animal feeds, chick (Obun, 2007,  2008) and fish (Audu et al., 2008). Studies by  Esenwah  and  Ikenebomeh  (2008)  and  Omafuvbe et al. (2004) show some changes in the  nutritional  and  the anti-nutritional constituents of the  processed  samples  of this important food supplement. The  fermentation  of  African  locust  beans  (P.  biglobosa), initiated by Bacillus species to produce spices called “iru” or “dawadawa” in Nigeria had been described by  several  authors  (Bridget  et  al.,  2004;  Ouoba  et  al., 2003; Odunfa, 1981, 1985a). The preparation of foods by fermentation  has  good  advantages  such  as  the destruction  of  undesirable flavours  and  odours,  production  of  good  flavour,  increase  digestibility,  synthesis  of desirable  constituents,  and  changes  in  physical  state, longer  shelf-life,  and  destruction  of  inhibitors  (Daddawa is a condiment which added aroma and flavour to dishes such as Jallop rice, baobab soup (Miyar kuka), fish pepper soup, chicken pepper soup and Egusi soup. Daddawa is traditionally produced from locust beans (Parkia biglobosa) seeds. This work was carried out on the preservation of fermented Parkia biglabosa seeds sourced from local producers and laboratory produced. The local and fermented laboratory controlled samples were treated with of Ginger extract 8mg/g. A control experiment was left untreated. The samples were stored at ambient temperature (36ºC- 30ºC) for day1, 30 and 120 days. The analysis consisted of aerobic and anaerobic mesophilic count, Staphylococcus count and Fungal count, detection of  Escherichia coli, S.aureus, Salmonella sp, Mucor sp and Rhizopus sp. Contaminant isolates were identified from locally produced, laboratory treated and untreated (Control) using standard procedure. The Elemental analysis was conducted according to standard procedure. The proximate analysis and organoleptic assessment of the laboratory treated, untreated (control) and purchased locust bean cake were carried out using standard procedure. Isolated and characterized bacterial isolates at day 1, 30 and 120  days in the treated and untreated  locust bean cake was E.coli only isolated in Kwanar yandaddawa, Staphylococcus aureus were isolated in all the  purchased Locust bean cake, Salmonella sp was not detected and a predominant fungal genera were Mucor sp and Rhizopus sp. The result indicated 0% elimination 0f the contaminant at 30 days and 40% elimination of contaminants in sample A, C, D and E. It was observed that the Elemental value was in accordance with the Standard acceptable limit. The mean proximate composition at day 1, 30 and 120 days shows nutritional quality of treated locust bean cake. The Organoleptic assessment indicated that the judges rejected control daddawa due to off flavor.

Keywords: African locust bean cake, Ginger extract, Elemental value, Nutritional quality.

PROXIMATE AND PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HUCKLEBERRY (Kumbi) LEAVES

*AMINU MUSA BRINGA *AHMED YUSUF ABDULLAHI & **YAHAYA SAIDU GWARZO

*Department of Basic Studies, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi, P.M.B 0231, Bauchi State of Nigeria. **Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State.

Abstract

n this study, analysis for the determination of the proximate and qualitative phytochemical composition of the Huckleberry (kumbi) leaves was carried out using A.O.A.C methods. . The result shows that Huckleberry contain 86% Moisture content, 2.25% Ash content, 2.86% Fat, 12.6% Crude fiber and 12.5% Crude protein. Also, the qualitative phytochemical test indicates that Tannins, Saponins, Flavonoids and Alkaloids were present. The result obtained from this research shows that Huckleberry or kumbi leaves contain substantial amount of food constituents can be nutritionally useful in the maintenance of good health. The presence of phytochemical suggest that medicinal and anti-oxidant properties may be associated with the plant. Hence consumption of the kumbi leaves should be encourage especially in areas that are less familiar with the plant.

Keywords: Huckleberry, Kumbi leaves, Proximate, Phytochemical.

HE EFFECT OF DRIED CASHEW NUT (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.) SHELL EXTRACT ON BROWN RAT (RATTUS NORVEGICUS M.)

OLADEJO, A.O.; OLORI OKE, E. O.; WALTER J. C. ; OLADIPO, S.. AND SIKIRU G. K.

Pest Management Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Jos Nigeria.

Abstract

rown Rats (Rattus norvegicus) are known to cause serious damage to the harvested crops, building (storage facility) and transmission of diseases and disease causing pathogens through their droppings and urines. This study therefore aimed at investigating the effect of cashew nutshell extract on brown rats in other to help solve the problem of rat attack on our harvested crops and reduced zoonotic disease caused by rat activities using control materials that are readily available and cost effective. The study was carried out in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau state at entomological laboratory of Federal College of Forestry Jos, between April 2016 and July 2016. Twenty brown rats were divided into five (5) groups of (A – E) and were fed with Top-feed mixed with cashew nut shell extract of different concentration viz: 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg, 750mg/kg and 1000mg/kg with a control 0mg/kg. Data were collected every day for 14 days. The result showed a general weight gain as the experiment progresses, this showed that there is intake of food materials. There was a significant difference in the mortality rates of the experimented rats, as the concentration of the extracts increases, the mortality also increased. 100% mortality was recorded in both concentration 1000(mg/kg) and 750(mg/kg), however mortality was earlier in concentration 1000mg (day 7) and day 10 in concentration 750mg. This shows that the higher the concentration, the more effective it is in controlling the rats. It could therefore be concluded, based on this work that the cashew nut shell extract at 750(mg/kg) is effective and can be used in the control of brown rats when mixed with food materials.

Keywords: Rat, cashew nutshell, mortality, and topfeed

NVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND PUBLIC HEALTH EDUCATION IN BAUCHI METROPOLIS

BALA SAGIR MADAKI

School Of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi, Bauchi State

Abstract

nvironmental and health education was assessed through the administering of questionnaires to respondents in Bauchi metropolis. The data collected was analysed and presented as table, percentage etc. The results of the analyses reveal that the level of environmental awareness in Bauchi metropolis is adequate. Finally, it was recommended that government should pay more attention in educating public through awareness campaigns on important public health matters such as the consequences of lack of environmental sanitation.

Keywords; Environment,      Health, Public, Awareness,  Consequences.

PPARENT DRY MATTER AND NUTRIENTS DIGESTIBILITY OF FATTENING BALAMI RAMS FED DIFFERENT SUPPLEMENTAL PROTEIN SOURCES AND A BASAL DIET OF SIGNAL GRASS ( Brachiaria decumbens )

MOHAMMED, A¹, NYAKO, H.D.² UMAR, A.M³ NUHU, S. H¹., YARO, S.S¹. AND  OYENIRAN, J.O¹

¹Dept. of Animal Health and Production, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, Nigeria,  ²Department of Animal production and Range Management, Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola .³Dept. of   Animal Health and Production, Bilyaminu Usman  Polytechnic Hadeja, Jigawa State, Nigeria.

Abstract

The research work was conducted at the Livestock Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi. Eight animals were used by allocating two animals per treatment. Daily feed intake and faeces voided were weighed and proximate analysis conducted in the Laboratory. Results revealed  that dry matter digestibility showed no significant (P>0.05) difference across  the treatments ranging from control (D)  (75.49%) to the mean dry matter digestibility of  77.40%  for rams fed Moringa Oleifera supplement (C). The mean digestible crude protein ranged between 74.96% (D) and 77.02% (C) as the least and highest values respectively. The digestible Ash content showed significant (P<0.05) difference among the treatments which ranged from control (61.77%) to diet C (of 83.72%). Organic matter digestibility showed no significant (P>0.05) difference among the treatments that ranged from diet A (63.13%) to treatment B (77.61%). Apparent ADF digestibility showed variation across the experimental rams with the animals supplemented diet C recorded the least value of 80.09% digestibility and  90.12%  (D) as the highest mean digestible ADF followed by  B and A with the mean values of 87.59% and 86.02% respectively. The NDF digestibility showed variation among the experimental treatments with the rams fed diet B recorded the least digestibility of 49.99% and the highest mean digestible value of 58.24% for rams fed diet A.

Keywords: Digestibility, Dry matter and Rams.

octor – patients relationship in attaining effective health care

abdulkarim umar

Department of General Studies, the Federal Polytechnic Damaturu.

Abstract

he doctor-patient relationship has undergone a transition throughout the ages. Prior to contemporary era, the relationship was predominantly a passive patient seeking help and an active doctor whose decisions were unquestionably complied with by the patient. This is termed the paternalistic model of the doctor-patient relationship, whereby the doctor is expected to employ his skills to choose the necessary interventions and treatments most likely to restore the patient’s health or ameliorate his /her situation. This has led to the creation of imbalanced in terms of interaction between doctor and patient which has given rise to new development   proposing a more active, autonomous and role sharing model between patients and doctors. This model enables the doctor to understand the patient’s condition through interacting with him/her rather than dictating and giving orders. The doctor accepts the inputs of the patient as the first step toward addressing the problem, thus the doctor and the patient both become active participants.

Keywords: Doctor, Patient, Relationship, Health care

ROWTH STAGES DESCRIPTION FOR PEPPER CAPSICUM ANNUUM L, CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS L, AND CAPSICUM CHINENSES L. UNDER SCREEN HOUSE CONDITION

¹AHMED, A, ¹I. U NAZEEF, ¹ISA, S. A.,  ¹IDRIS, M. M. AND ²ALIYU, D. F.

¹Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi. ¹Department of Microbiology, Bauchi State University, Gadau ²Department of Biological Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi.

Abstract

n experiment conducted for growth stages description for pepper (Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens and Capsicum chinenses). They were replicated four times each. There were 12 experimental units. The experiment was carried out in plastic pots made up of sand, clay and dung in a ratio of (1:1:1) in the screen House of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi. Results showed that Capsicum annuum was the early maturing type, (that lasted for about 151 days), followed by Capsicum frutescens which was the intermediate (lasted for about 178 days), and then finally Capsicum chinenses which was the late maturing type (lasted for about 205 days) from sowing to fruit harvest. The species with comparatively longer vegetative stages were C. chinenses and C. frutescens.  The one with longer reproductive stage was C. chinenses.  Among the species tested, C. annuum L. produced the highest marketable fruit yield. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was adopted for analysis of data collected from parameters assessed, after which the LSD was calculated.

Keywords: Pepper, Growth, Vegetative Stage, Reproductive Stage, Screen House.

PECTROSCOPIC STUDY ON ZN-DOPED LEAD CHALCOGENIDE (PBSE)₁₀₀ – _XZN_X THIN FILMS COMPOSED OF NANOPARTICLES

*BUBA MOHAMMED **ALHAJI MUSTAPHA ISA ***ABUBAKAR MOHAMMED BELLO

*Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, PMB 035 Mubi, Adamawa State **Department of Civil Engineering technology, Mai Idris Alooma polytechnic, P.M.B 1020 Geidam, Yobe State Nigeria ***Department of Basic Studies, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi, PMB 0231 Bauchi State

Abstract

he effect of laser-Irradiation on the optical properties of Zn-doped PbSe chalcogenite thin films composed of nanoparticles has been studied. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigations suggest the formation of nanoparticles of average size of 50 nm for all the studied Zn compositions. XRD studies show that the as-prepared thin films are polycrystalline in nature. The formation of nanoparticles of Zn-doped PbSe has been confirmed by indexing the crystal planes as observed in the XRD spectra. The addition of Zn in (PbSe)₁₀₀ − _xZn_x thin films result in the blue shift in photoluminescence spectra, this blue shift is associated with the narrowing of the band gap. Optical absorption measurements reveal a direct band gap for the present samples, which decreases on increasing the Zn content. The same trend has also been observed for the samples irradiated with laser. Further, the calculated values of Urbach energy are found to increase with the increase in Zn contents for the as prepared as well as laser-irradiated samples. All the above observations agree well with the results of optical band gap and suggest that the decrease in band gap may be due to increase in band tails, defects and particle size.

Keywords: Lead chalcogenides, Thin films, Nanoparticles, Optical band gap, Urbach energy.